Contents 

List of figures 

ix 

List of tables 

xi 

List of text box 

xiii 

List of contributors 

xiv 

Introduction: theorizing research methods in the ‘golden age’ 

of applied linguistics research 

1 

Jim McKinley 

PART I 

Key concepts and current considerations 

13 

1 Methodological transparency and its consequences for the quality 

and scope of research 

15 

Emma Marsden 

2 Multi-perspective research 

29 

Brian Paltridge 

3 Expanding the scope of mixed methods research in applied 

linguistics 

39 

Mohammad R. Hashemi 

4 Sampling: problematizing the issue 

52 

Masuko Miyahara 

5 Ensuring translation fidelity in multilingual research 

63 

Gene Thompson and Karen Dooley 

6 Researching multilingually in applied linguistics 

76 

Jane Andrews, Prue Holmes, Richard Fay, and Susan DawsonContents 

vi 

7 Solidarity and the politics of ‘us’: how far can individuals go in 

language policy? Research methods in non-Western contexts 

87 

Cristine G. Severo and Sinfree B. Makoni 

8 Advancing quantitative research methods 

98 

Shawn Loewen and Aline Godfroid 

9 Interdisciplinary research 

108 

Jack Pun 

10 Ethics in applied linguistics research 

122 

Peter I. De Costa, Jongbong Lee, Hima Rawal, and Wendy Li 

PART II 

Designs and approaches to research 

131 

11 Experimental and quasi-experimental designs 

133 

John Rogers and Andrea Révész 

12 Case study research: making language learning complexities visible 

144 

Patricia A. Duff 

13 Ethnography: origins, features, accountability, and criticality 

154 

Li Wei 

14 Autoethnography and critical ethnography 

165 

Sue Starfield 

15 Action research in language education 

176 

Darío Luis Banegas and Sal Consoli 

16 Core dimensions of narrative inquiry 

188 

Gary Barkhuizen 

17 Methodological issues in critical discourse studies 

199 

Christian W. Chun 

18 Integrating corpus tools into mixed methods research 

211 

Ron Martinez 

19 Systematic reviews in applied linguistics 

230 

Ernesto MacaroContents 

vii 

20 Meta-analysis in applied linguistics 

240 

Yo In’nami, Rie Koizumi, and Yasuyo Tomita 

21 Methods and approaches in language policy research 

253 

Qing Shao and Xuesong (Andy) Gao 

22 Grounded theory method 

264 

Gregory Hadley 

PART III 

Data collection methods 

277 

23 Planning and conducting ethical interviews: power, language 

and emotions 

279 

Louise Rolland, Jean-Marc Dewaele and Beverley Costa 

24 Focus groups: capturing the dynamics of group 

interaction 

290 

Nicola Galloway 

25 Think-aloud protocols 

302 

Lawrence Jun Zhang and Donglan Zhang 

26 Stimulated recall 

312 

Hugo Santiago Sanchez and Trevor Grimshaw 

27 Questionnaires: implications for effective implementation 

324 

Janina Iwaniec 

28 Observations and field notes: recording lived experiences 

336 

Xiao Lan Curdt-Christiansen 

29 Diaries and journals: collecting insider perspectives in second 

language research 

348 

Heath Rose 

30 Oral language elicitation tasks in applied linguistics 

research 

360 

Faidra Faitaki and Victoria A. Murphy 

31 Eye tracking as a data collection method 

370 

Ana Pellicer-Sánchez and Kathy ConklinContents 

viii 

PART IV 

Data analysis 

383 

32 Using statistical analysis software (R, SPSS) 

385 

Jenifer Larson-Hall and Atsushi Mizumoto 

33 Descriptive statistics in data analysis 

398 

Jessica Briggs Baffoe-Djan and Sara Ashley Smith 

34 Inferential statistics in quantitative data analysis 

415 

Simone E. Pfenninger and Hannah Neuser 

35 Factor analysis and statistical modeling in applied linguistics: 

current issues and possibilities 

427 

Yuliya Ardasheva, Kira J. Carbonneau and Xue Zhang 

36 Qualitative content analysis 

440 

Ali Fuad Selvi 

37 Text analysis 

453 

Wei Wang 

38 Analysis of corpora 

464 

Averil Coxhead 

39 A discursive psychological approach to the analysis of talk 

and text in applied linguistics 

474 

Matthew T. Prior and Steven Talmy 

40 Multimodal (Inter)action Analysis 

488 

Jarret Geenen and Jesse Pirini 

41 Toward an expansive interactional analysis 

500 

Suresh Canagarajah, Daisuke Kimura, Mohammad Naseh 

Nasrollahi Shahri, and Michael D. Amory 

Index 

514ix 

1.1 Badges indicating open science practices in participating journals 

24 

5.1 The collaborative serial translation approach (CSTA) 

68 

5.2 The researcher as translator serial approach (RTSA) 

70 

9.1 Integrated model of interdisciplinary research process (IRP) 

114 

9.2 Visualisation of the first and second steps in interdisciplinary research 

115 

9.3 Visualisation of steps involved in identifying insights for interdisciplinary 

research 

116 

9.4 Visualisation of the process of integration for interdisciplinary research 

118 

15.1 Action research features 

181 

15.2 Sample of cycles and stages in an action research project 

182 

16.1 Narrative study and narrative inquiry 

191 

16.2 Narrative and interaction 

192 

16.3 Narrative research and researcher engagement 

193 

16.4 Storied data 

194 

16.5 Analysis of narrative and narrative analysis 

196 

18.1 KWIC concordance sample of the word judge 

213 

18.2 Interaction among three key variables in corpus research 

214 

18.3 The Frequency Transparency Framework or the inclusion of multiword 

expressions in language teaching 

215 

18.4 Typical research procedure in quantitative corpus linguistics 

221 

18.5 Example of mixed-method corpus-informed research design 

221 

18.6 KWIC concordance of day 

223 

18.7 List of words that most frequently co-occur (collocate) with day in 

9/11 corpus 

223 

18.8 KWIC concordance of rest in 9/11 corpus 

224 

18.9 KWIC concordance of work in 9/11 corpus 

224 

18.10 Sample window of n-grams generated from 9/11 corpus 

225 

18.11 Concordance of turn on in 9/11 corpus 

226 

18.12 KWIC concordance of okay (first item in keyword list) 

227 

20.1 Forest plot of effect sizes of changes in L2 proficiency of Japanese 

university students learning English 

247 

20.2 Funnel plot of effect sizes in relation to standard error 

248 

22.1 Three stages of grounded theory method 

266 

27.1 The “thank you and final comments” page 

332 

28.1 The online coding scheme 

340