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单选

Teachers believing in the ____ model in a general sense usually follow the sequence of teaching new words, sentences and then the whole passage in the reading class.A. interactiveC. top-downB. bottom-upD. interactional

自上而下的模式认为在阅读教学中，相比新词汇和新结构的教学，背景知识的导入更加重要，应帮助学生学会运用自己的知识对上下文进行预测，然后阅读、检验、修订自己的预测、进行新的预测。Top-down model believes that one’s background knowledge plays a more important role than new words and new structures in reading comprehension.It is believed that in teaching reading, the teacher should teach the background knowledge first so that students equipped with such knowledge will be able to guess meaning from the printed page.这里“学生自己的知识”包括有关事实和社会文化方面的知识、有关阅读材料话题的知识、文章结构知识和上下文的情景知识等。
 

这一教学观点突出体现的是“读前活动”（pre-reading activities）的开展。阅读前大部分的工作集中在激发学生的知识库和对文章内容进行预测。正如美国语言哲学家古德曼所说：“阅读是一种心理语言学的猜测游戏”。Just as Goodman once said reading is “a psycho-linguistic guessing game”.

例如，当不了解材料背景知识时，即使通篇没有陌生词汇和结构，我们依然不知所云；而熟悉材料背景知识时，即使文章中新词很多，仍然可以知其大意。For example, we all have experiences of reading something that does not contain any new words or new structures, but we still fail to understand its overall meaning. In other cases, we may read an article which contains quite a number of new words as well as difficult structures with reasonable understanding.This is because we have made use of our knowledge about the topic to assist our comprehension.

阅读课堂教学策略
 

针对主题进行设问，带着问题进阅读。Students generate a set of questions they expect to read about a topic, then read to see if they are answered in the text.

回顾相关知识经验，与材料内容进行比对。Students generate a list of things they already know about a topic and things they would like to learn more about, then read and compare.

阅读部分材料，补充材料内容。Students read part of a story, try to complete the story ending, then read and compare endings.

根据标题猜测文章大意。Students read news headlines, guess what happened, then read the text and compare.

填字游戏。（假设收到一封残缺的信件，学生补全信件。）Letter identification. Students are supposed to receive an important letter but a few drops of water have smeared part of the text. A few letters in different words are now just smudges. Student use the context of the words and sentences in which the smudges appear and their knowledge of reading to comprehend the meaning of the letter’s message.

评价：
 

优：自上而下的阅读模式帮助我们快速打通认知通道，将生活中有联系的内容迅速关联起来，辅助阅读。Our environment has multiple patterns and we are always perceiving these patterns. Top-down processing enables us to shortcut the cognitive path between our perceptions and their meaning.

劣：有一定固有的思维局限性。It similarly limits and biases our perceptions, for example, if we’ve always used an iPhone, but are presented with a new kind of phone, our perception may be that the phone's user experience is inferior, even if it works exactly like the iPhone.